For the past 100 years, medical research in america (US) have undergone a traditional epidemiologic change, step 1 towards the attract shifting out-of personal health conditions connected with childhood contagious diseases, nutrient inadequacies and epidemics to help you noncommunicable ailment-in addition https://datingranking.net/tr/cybermen-inceleme/ to heart disease (CVD), blood pressure level, diabetes mellitus, and you can chronic kidney disease (CKD). The issue is astounding: in ’09–2010, such as for instance, 23.1% out of adult People in the us got prehypertension, if you find yourself an additional 31.5% had blood pressure level. dos Quotes estimated of the American Center Relationship (AHA) place the head and you may secondary will cost you out of hypertension from the over $93.5 million annually. step three
Weightloss sodium and you will/or potassium might possibly be examined sometimes by the fat loss recall, dimension out of weight reduction intake and/or supplement need within the an intervention, otherwise from the lab review away from urinary sodium and you may potassium just like the each other tune directly which have weight loss intakes
Population studies have demonstrated an association between dietary sodium chloride (termed salt in this review) as well as dietary potassium, and blood pressure (BP). 4–9 Along with the rising prevalence of hypertension and CVD, non-pharmacological dietary guidelines designed to promote the health of the public have therefore been instituted. 10 While these programs have an impact, most Americans consume well above the minimum daily requirement for dietary salt and further have inadequate potassium intake. To emphasize the excess salt in the American diet, the US Department of Health and Human Services/US Department of Agriculture (US DHHS/USDA) 2010 Dietary Guidelines advise Americans to reduce daily sodium intake to <2300 mg/d per person, with an even lower goal of 1500 mg/d for specific subpopulations; while the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has recommended an age-dependent targeted sodium intake of 1000–1500 mg/day and established a Tolerable Upper Level of Intake (UL) from 1500–2300 mg/day. 11 Between 2003–2008, the median daily sodium intake excluding table salt was 3371 mg (IQR: 2794, 4029) and median potassium consumption was 2631 mg (IQR: 2164 mg, 3161 mg) among US adults >20 years of age; 99.4% of US adults consumed >1500 mg of sodium daily and 90.7% consumed >2300 mg daily. 12 Recent high-profile publications, however, have challenged these guidelines. For this reason, this study considered the evidence that the level of dietary salt and potassium intake affects population BP, CVD, and mortality. Specifically, the authors examined the scientific rationale for population-wide recommendations to increase dietary potassium while reducing salt intake, the strength of available evidence, and offer recommendations for stakeholders to consider.
Strategies and Research Feet
Studies in this review include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) linking dietary salt and potassium intakes to subsequent morbidity and mortality which determine the health outcomes of reducing salt intake and/or increasing potassium intakes by diet or supplementation. The following databases (from ined: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Pubmed and Quertle), EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), the Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) database, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and . Consideration was given to variations in terms used and spelling of terms so that studies were not overlooked and took the general form: (“dietary salt” or “dietary sodium” or (synonyms)) and (“dietary potassium” or (synonyms)) and (“blood pressure” or “hypertension” or “vascular disease” or “heart disease” or “chronic kidney disease” or “stroke” or “mortality” or (synonyms)). Studies were excluded if 1) the paper was an observational or ecological study, a review, or editorial/commentary; 2) the language was not English; 3) the participant total was <20; or 4) the outcome of the trial did not include systolic and diastolic BP, age, CKD, markers and indices of vascular function, CVD and CVD-related hospital admissions, or mortality. Studies that examined outcomes in the setting of heart failure were also excluded.
Degree need are a review of diet salt and you will/otherwise dietary potassium; and may also encompass people choosing a dietary intervention that limited sodium, one in that your input are recommendations to attenuate sodium intake, and/otherwise the one that enhanced weight-loss potassium and you can/or with it potassium supplementation.