Dining table cuatro
To identify the brand new requirements significantly less than and this different household members designs from gender character perceptions emerged, i used a series of mixed design ANOVAs and you may chi-squared research. Specifically, the fresh new analyses checked-out differences between your family groups with respect to SES, parents’ day used on gendered home opportunities, parents’ big date spent having youngsters, and intercourse constellation of one’s brother dyad (discover Tables 4 and you can ? and5 5 ).
Table 5
Hypothesis 2(a) posited that parents in families characterized by more traditional gender role attitudes would have lower SES. A 3 (cluster) ? 2 (parent) mixed model ANOVA revealed a significant effect of cluster on mothers’ income, F(2, 352) = 5.07, p < .01, ? = .15, a trend-level effect of cluster on fathers' income, F(2, 352) = 2.19, p < .11, ? = .08, and a significant overall cluster effect, F(2, 352) = 6.29, p < .01, ? = .17. Tukey follow-up tests revealed that, consistent with our hypothesis, parents in both traditional and divergent families had significantly lower income than those in egalitarian families. Additionally, a 3 (cluster) ? 2 (parent) mixed model ANOVA focusing on mothers' and fathers' education revealed a significant effect of cluster on mothers' education, F(2, 355) = , p < .01, ? = .25, father's education, F(2, 355) = , p < .01, ? = .25, and an overall between cluster effect, F(2, 355) = , p < .01 ? = .29. Consistent with our expectation, a Tukey follow-up test revealed that parents in both the traditional and divergent families had significantly lower levels of education than parents in egalitarian families. Given these findings and a significant correlation between parents' education and family income, r = .51, p < .01, we created a composite SES score, combining family income and both parents' education levels by standardizing each score and summing them. This SES index was used as a control variable in all remaining analyses.
Hypothesis 2(b) posited that parents in families characterized by more traditional gender role attitudes would have a more traditional division of household labor. A 3 (cluster) ? 2 (parent) mixed model ANCOVA with parent as the within groups factor and SES as a control variable revealed a trend-level univariate cluster effect for mothers’ participation in household tasks, F(2, 336) = 2.51, p = .08, ? = .09, a significant cluster effect for fathers’ participation in household tasks, F(2, 336) = 4.07, p < .01, ? = .13, a significant overall parent effect, F(2, 336) = , p < .01, ? = .85, and a significant overall cluster ? parent interaction, F(2, 336) = 5.20, p < .01, ? = .16. Tukey follow-up tests for the main effects for cluster showed that mothers in the divergent group spent more time on feminine household tasks than did mothers in the egalitarian group, and that fathers in the egalitarian group spent more time on feminine household tasks than fathers in both the traditional and divergent groups. The overall parent effect indicated that mothers generally spent more time on feminine household tasks than did fathers. However, consistent with our hypothesis, follow-up of the parent ? cluster interaction indicated that mothers and fathers in the egalitarian group were more similar in time spent on feminine tasks as compared to the other groups.
Hypothesis 2(c) posited that fathers in families characterized by more traditional gender role attitudes would spend more time with their sons. Analyses of parents’ time with children revealed no univariate cluster effect for mothers’ time spent with children. However, a 3 (cluster) ? 4 (gender constellation) ? 2 (sibling) mixed model ANCOVA revealed a univariate cluster effect for older siblings’ dyadic time with father, F(2, 334) = 5.31, p < .01, ? = .16, and a cluster ? sibling interaction, F(2, 334) = 4.75, p < .01, ? = .15. A follow-up test of the univariate main effect showed that fathers spent significantly more time with their older children in the divergent group as compared to the traditional group. A Tukey follow-up test of the cluster ? sibling interaction revealed that fathers in the divergent group spent more similar amounts of time with their two children compared to fathers in the traditional and egalitarian groups. Taken together, this pattern suggests that fathers in the divergent group were relatively more involved with their children.